How is modular assembly characterized?

Modular assembly is characterized by the use of pre-assembled parts that are brought together to create a final product. This method offers significant advantages in terms of efficiency and flexibility. By utilizing modules, manufacturers can assemble complex products quickly, as each module is a complete unit that can be tested and verified independently before final assembly.

The modular approach also facilitates easier changes to product designs and configurations since new modules can be developed and integrated without overhauling the entire assembly process. This aligns well with Industry 4.0 principles, where adaptability and quick response to market needs are essential.

In contrast, the other options do not capture the essence of modular assembly effectively. While pure machine assembly is a component of automation, it does not encompass the modular approach. Similarly, using loose parts or making individual components on-site does not reflect the pre-assembly characteristic that defines modular assembly.